A History of Tufted Rugs

Prototype. Chapter text drafted from the research notes and not yet checked at the archives. Images awaiting permission are marked.

Bibliography

The 189 sources gathered for the history so far: archives, patents, trade literature, films, books and articles. Sources cited in a finished chapter are marked with its number.

Archives and manuscript collections 27

  1. “《天津地毯工業》 Republican-era Chinese primary source (scan),” n.d. Tuft the World research brief: The Non-English Record. nkie.nankai.edu.cn/2017/0502/c11716a121465/page.htm.RecordChapter 8
  2. “Chinese provincial gazetteers (地方志) on the first tufting machine imports,” n.d. Tuft the World research brief: The Non-English Record. thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_7818157.Record
  3. “CNKI (知网) master’s theses on the Tianjin carpet industry,” n.d. Tuft the World research brief: The Non-English Record. cnki.net.Record
  4. “Dichter report 954A: proposal for a motivational research study of nylon carpet sales and advertising,” 1950s. 954A, Ernest Dichter papers (Acc. 2407), Box 42, Hagley Museum and Library. marketresearch.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/Hagley_Dichter_BX042_954A.Record
  5. Donald R. Hull. “Donald R. Hull papers,” n.d. Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/resources/965.RecordChapter 6
  6. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. “E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company records, 1815–1975,” 1815–1975. Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/archival_objects/610909.Record
  7. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. Advertising Department. “DuPont Advertising Department records,” 1901–1971. Accession 1803, Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/91963.Record
  8. E.C. Beetem and Son, Inc. (records). “Tufted Textile Manufacturers Association, 1960,” 1960. Accession 1178, Box 181, Folder 491, E.C. Beetem and Son, Inc. records (Accession 1178), Series III. Incoming correspondence, 1894-1967; Box 181, Folder 491, Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/archival_objects/560954.RecordChapter 4
  9. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. “Chronology of ITP tufting (weaving), 1962 July 3,” 1962 July 3. Accession 2632, Box 2, Folder 13 (2632-II.), E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Lavoisier Library archival collection (Accession 2632), Series II. History-DuPont Products and Events, 1902-2010, Box 2, Folder 13, Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/archival_objects/289529.RecordChapter 5
  10. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Public Relations Department (news release). “Luxurious Carpet: A New Use for Nylon,” 1948-05-12 (for release May 12). 1984259_010913_162, DuPont Company Textile Fibers Product Information photographs (Accession 1984.259), Series II. Textile reference files; Subseries E. Nylon. Folder titled: Nylon - 1948, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/1984259_010913_162.RecordChapter 6
  11. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. Textile Fibers Department. “E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Textile Fibers Department records,” 1899-1988. Accession 1771, Hagley Library, Manuscripts and Archives, Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/resources/1278.RecordChapter 6
  12. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. Textile Fibers Department (originator); Public Relations Department (associated). “Hotel du Pont Installs Nylon Fabrics for Economy of Wear and Care,” 1948-07-13. 1984259_010913_168, DuPont Company Textile Fibers Product Information photographs (Accession 1984.259), Series II. Textile reference files; Subseries E. Nylon. Folder titled: Nylon - 1948, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/1984259_010913_168.RecordChapter 6
  13. Ernest Dichter (1907-1991); Institute for Motivational Research. “A Creative Problem Analysis and Proposal for a Motivational Research Study of Nylon Carpeting Acceptance among Distributors, Buyers and Retailers,” 1957-11. MSS_2407_042_0954A1, Ernest Dichter papers (Accession 2407), Series I. Research Proposals and Reports, Box 42, Item 954.1A, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/MSS_2407_042_0954A1.RecordChapter 6
  14. Ernest Dichter (Institute for Motivational Research). “153A: The Carpet Institute, Inc. - Proposal for a Psychological Research Study on the Sales and Advertising Problems of the Carpet Institute, Inc., 1952,” 1952. Accession 2407, Box 8, 153A, Ernest Dichter papers (Accession 2407), Series I. Research Proposals and Reports, Box 8, Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/archival_objects/230059.RecordChapter 6
  15. Ernest Dichter (Institute for Motivational Research) for DuPont. “A motivational research study of the sales and advertising problems of nylon carpets on the retail level,” n.d. Box 42, 954C, Ernest Dichter papers, Hagley Museum and Library. marketresearch.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/A-motivational-research-study-of-the-sales-and-advertising-problems-of-nylon-carpets-on-the-retail/Hagley_Dichter_BX042_954C.RecordChapter 6
  16. “Japan Carpet Association study-mission reports on the US and European carpet industries,” 1960s–1981. Tuft the World research brief: The Non-English Record. carpet.or.jp/aboutus.RecordChapter 7
  17. Joseph W. Lynch (DuPont textile chemist, 1954-1994). “Joseph W. Lynch papers,” 1943-1994 (majority 1954-1979). Hagley finding aid resources/1631 (accession number not captured), Hagley Library, Manuscripts and Archives, Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/resources/1631.Record
  18. Laura M. Allen (Rochester, N.Y.); Helen D. Young. “Laura M. Allen collection (Col. 979): ‘Hooked Rugs’ scrapbook of articles, pictures and advertisements, 1920s,” 1911–1929 (rug material); collection to the 1960s. Col. 979, Winterthur Library. findingaid.winterthur.org/html/HTML_Finding_Aids/COL0979.htm.Record
  19. Mohasco Industries. “1957 Annual Report, Mohasco Industries, Inc.,” 1957. 72430_477, Joseph Bancroft and Sons Company, Miss America collection (Accession 1972.430), Box 3, Folder 13, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/72430_477.RecordChapter 6
  20. “Sandra Mahs chenille bedspread collection,” n.d. Bandy Heritage Center, Dalton State College. bandyheritagecenter.org/collection/museum-collection.RecordChapter 4
  21. “Seaford Plant records,” n.d. Seaford Plant records, Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/resources/1864.Record
  22. Sims Textile Company. “Sims Textile Company map of Dalton,” c. 1946. Dalton-Whitfield County Historical Society (per Deaton).RecordChapter 4
  23. Tariff Manufacturing Company. “Tariff Manufacturing Company, Brussels colours dyed at Tariffville, Conn., c. 1840 (two dye-recipe notebooks),” c. 1840. 2017x85.30a-b (ATHM 2009.33), Swatch Book Collection (Col. 50), Winterthur Library. findingaid.winterthur.org/html/HTML_Finding_Aids/col0050.htm.RecordChapter 3
  24. Thomas M. Deaton. “Thomas Deaton research collection on the tufted carpet industry,” n.d. Bandy Heritage Center, Dalton State College. bandyheritagecenter.pastperfectonline.com/archive/2349F571-3AF7-4957-BDA1-373971530010.RecordChapter 4
  25. Vladimir K. Zworykin (papers); Image Designs. “General - Image Designs, improved tufting machine (rug weaver), 1962,” 1962 (patents folder 1961-1962). Accession 2464-09 (2464-09-6.-I.-B.), David Sarnoff Research Center records (Accession 2464-09), Vladimir K. Zworykin papers, 1908-1981, Research, 1930-1971; Box M&A 80, Folder 4; related folder Box M&A 87, Folder 29, Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/archival_objects/245804.RecordChapter 12
  26. “William Pahlmann papers: carpet and floor-mat samples,” 1961–1975. archival objects 439206, 439210, 439909–439937, William Pahlmann papers (Acc. 2388), Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/archival_objects/439206.Record
  27. “Winterthur Library Swatch Book Collection (Collection 50) and salesmen’s sample books,” n.d. Col. 50, Winterthur Library. digitalcollections.winterthur.org/collections/textile-collections/swatch-books-and-salesmens-sample-books.Record

Trade literature 9

  1. “‘Antron nylon… for carpet classics of enduring elegance’,” c. 1965. Pam 2016.0208, Pamphlets Collection (DuPont Textile Fibers Dept. trade catalog), Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/PAM_20160208.Record
  2. Bigelow Carpet Company. “Bigelow Carpet Company sample book,” c. 1909–1910. Mss 107, UC Santa Barbara Library. tradecatalogues.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/-Bigelow-Carpet-Company-sample-book-/cusb_mss107_g02129.Record
  3. E. Ross & Co. “[Catalog of rug patterns], E. Ross & Co., Toledo, Ohio, 1891,” 1891. Winterthur Library. archive.org/details/catalogofrugpatt00eros.RecordChapter 9
  4. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. Textile Fibers Department (originator); Public Relations Department (associated). “Nylon: The First 25 Years,” 1963. 1984259_121412_004, DuPont Company Textile Fibers Product Information photographs (Accession 1984.259), Series I. Fashion master files; Subseries F. Hosiery, Box 12, Folder 20, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/1984259_121412_004.RecordChapter 6
  5. “Illustrated Catalogue: Household Furnishing Goods,” c. 1915. WL TX299 S66 TC, Trade Catalog Collection, Winterthur Library. tradecatalogues.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/Illustrated-Catalogue--Household-Furnishing-Goods/WL_TX299S66TC_1072.Record
  6. Olson Rug Company. “Olson Velvety Rugs,” 1920. WL NK2799 O52 1920 TC, Trade Catalog Collection, Winterthur Library. tradecatalogues.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/Olson-Velvety-Rugs/WL_NK2799O521920TC_103354.Record
  7. Olson Rug Company. “Olson Velvety Rugs for Modern Homes,” 1922. WL NK2799 O52 1922 TC, Trade Catalog Collection, Winterthur Library. tradecatalogues.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/Olson-Velvety-Rugs--for-Modern-Homes/WL_NK2799O521922TC_96286.Record
  8. Sims Textile Co. “Sims Textile Co., ‘The Chenille Center,’ Dalton, Ga.: Electric Chenille Machine sheet, yarn price list and ‘Miscellaneous Information’,” after 1945 (the company was founded in 1945). Photo: Tuft the World, taken at the Bandy Heritage Center, Dalton State College, Dalton, Georgia. The photograph is yours; the sheets belong to the center, so check its photo policy before publishing outside the database., Bandy Heritage Center, Dalton State College.RecordChapter 4
  9. Wells & Richardson Co. “Diamond Dye rug book (1899),” 1899. archive.org/details/cihm_01194.Record

Films and recordings 10

  1. “「文献里的天津」之天津地毯故事 (Sohu archival documentary series),” n.d. Tuft the World research brief: The Non-English Record. m.sohu.com/a/875737930_121123801.RecordChapter 8
  2. “BBDO records: ‘DuPont – Nylon, 1941–1966’,” 1941–1966. archival object 578303, BBDO records (DuPont's advertising agency), Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/3/archival_objects/578303.Record
  3. “‘DuPont commercials circa 1950s–1990s’ (includes an Antron Carpet Fiber spot),” c. 1950s–1990s. VID-1995300-B10, DuPont Company films and commercials (Acc. 1995.300), Series I, Box 10, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/VID-1995300-B10.Record
  4. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company; released by The Learning Center, DuPont Flooring Systems. “The Making of Carpet Fiber,” 1991. VID_1995300_B23_ID02, DuPont Company films and commercials (Accession 1995.300), Box 23, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/VID_1995300_B23_ID02.Record
  5. “‘New York City Marathon 1977’: Antron carpet laid on a bridge for runners,” 1977 (record dated 1980–81). FC 249, DuPont Company films and commercials (Acc. 1995.300), Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/FILM_1995300_FC249_02.RecordChapter 6
  6. Sponsor: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. “‘The Trench Coat’ (The DuPont Show with June Allyson. Episode No. 1-16), with a DuPont Carpet Nylon commercial,” 1960-01-11. FC 322, DuPont Company films and commercials (Accession 1995.300), Series VIII. The DuPont Show with June Allyson, FC 322, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/FILM_1995300_FC322.RecordChapter 6
  7. Sponsor: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. “‘The Old Fashioned Way’ (The DuPont Show with June Allyson. Episode No. 2-21), with a DuPont Carpet Nylon commercial,” 1961-02-20. FC 352, DuPont Company films and commercials (Accession 1995.300), Series VIII. The DuPont Show with June Allyson, FC 352, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/FILM_1995300_FC352.RecordChapter 6
  8. Sponsor: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. “‘The Beauty of Woman’ (The DuPont Show of the Week. Production Number 4036), with a DuPont 501 Carpet Nylon commercial,” 1962. FC 366, DuPont Company films and commercials (Accession 1995.300), Series IX. The DuPont Show of the Week, FC 366, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/FILM_1995300_FC366.RecordChapter 6
  9. “‘The DuPont Show of the Month: The Way Home’, with a DuPont Carpet Nylon commercial,” 1960. FC 319, DuPont Company films and commercials (Acc. 1995.300), Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/FILM_1995300_FC319.RecordChapter 6
  10. “‘The Opening Door’ (The DuPont Show with June Allyson, Episode No. 1-3), with a DuPont Carpet Nylon commercial,” 1959-10-05. FILM_1995300_FC305 (FC 305), DuPont Company films and commercials (Accession 1995.300), Series VIII. The DuPont Show with June Allyson, FC 305, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/FILM_1995300_FC305.RecordChapter 6

Oral histories 3

  1. “Oral history: Bob Axtell (DuPont carpet market research),” 2018. Textile Fibers Department oral histories, Hagley Museum and Library. findingaids.hagley.org/repositories/2/archival_objects/108095.Record
  2. “Oral history: Jim Culley (DuPont Textile Fibers),” n.d. Textile Fibers Department oral histories, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/system/files/2025-06/islandora_2615416_obj.pdf.Record
  3. “Oral history: Tom McAndrews (DuPont Textile Fibers),” 2018. Textile Fibers Department oral histories, Hagley Museum and Library. digital.hagley.org/system/files/2025-06/islandora_2599141_obj.pdf.RecordChapter 6

Patents 97

  1. Ebenezer Ross, “Embroidery Machine” (US251381A), filed 1881, granted 27 Dec 1881. patents.google.com/patent/US251381A/en.RecordChapter 9
  2. Samuel W. Bailey & Harry P. Vigars (US340189A), filed 25 Jan 1884, granted 20 Apr 1886. patents.google.com/patent/US340189A/en.Record
  3. Ebenezer Ross, “Turfing Implement” (US463548A), patented 17 Nov 1891. patents.google.com/patent/US463548A/en.RecordChapter 4
  4. Samuel Henry Perrier, “Turfing Needle” (US897200A), filed 17 Oct 1907, granted 25 Aug 1908. patents.google.com/patent/US897200A/en.RecordChapter 9
  5. William H. Barnett, “Sewing Machine” (US1452632A), filed 18 Sep 1920, granted 24 Apr 1923. patents.google.com/patent/US1452632A/en.RecordChapter 5
  6. August J. Carter, “Tufting-Attachment Mechanism for Sewing Machines” (US1485213A), filed 21 Jul 1922, granted 26 Feb 1924. patents.google.com/patent/US1485213A/en.RecordChapter 5
  7. John E. Garrett, “Rug Hooker” (US1605711A), filed 1 Feb 1926, granted 2 Nov 1926. patents.google.com/patent/US1605711A/en.RecordChapter 9
  8. John M. Gladish, “Tufting Attachment Mechanism for Sewing Machines” (US1800522A), filed 20 Sep 1927, granted 14 Apr 1931; assigned to Carter Brothers Inc. patents.google.com/patent/US1800522A/en.RecordChapter 5
  9. John M. Gladish, “Loop and Pile Forming Machine” (US1907292A), filed 7 Jul 1928, granted 2 May 1933; assigned to Valway Rug Mills. patents.google.com/patent/US1907292A/en.RecordChapter 5
  10. Harry E. Dykeman, “Rug Tufting Machine” (US1831485A), filed 30 Nov 1928, granted 10 Nov 1931; assigned to Union Special Machine Co. patents.google.com/patent/US1831485A/en.RecordChapter 5
  11. John M. Gladish, “Tufting Machine Looper and Cutter” (US1909530A), filed 2 Oct 1929, granted 16 May 1933; assigned to Valway Rug Mills. patents.google.com/patent/US1909530A/en.RecordChapter 5
  12. John M. Gladish, “Tufting Machine” (US1909531A), filed 21 Jan 1930, granted 16 May 1933; assigned to Valway Rug Mills. patents.google.com/patent/US1909531A/en.RecordChapter 5
  13. E. J. Gearhart, “Semiautomatic Turfing Device” (US1912977A), filed 11 Aug 1931, granted 6 Jun 1933. patents.google.com/patent/US1912977A/en.RecordChapter 9
  14. Lawrence P. Smith, “Motor Operated Tufting Machine” (US1917162A), filed 23 Jun 1932, granted 4 Jul 1933; assigned to Cabin Crafts. patents.google.com/patent/US1917162A/en.RecordChapter 9
  15. Walter Loos, “Machine for Making Rugs, Carpets, and the Like” (US1970703A), filed 20 Sep 1932, granted 21 Aug 1934. patents.google.com/patent/US1970703A/en.RecordChapter 5
  16. John E. Garrett, “Rug Hooker” (US1941346A), filed 11 Apr 1933, granted 26 Dec 1933. patents.google.com/patent/US1941346A/en.RecordChapter 9
  17. August J. Carter, “Tufted Rug” (US2042503A), filed 26 Aug 1933, granted 2 Jun 1936; assigned to Carter Brothers Inc. patents.google.com/patent/US2042503A/en.RecordChapter 5
  18. L. A. Smith, “Tufting machine” (US1903946A), filed , granted 1933; assigned to Truline. patents.google.com/patent/US1903946A/en.RecordChapter 5
  19. John M. Gladish, “Tufting Machine” (US2224866A), filed 25 May 1934, granted 17 Dec 1940; assigned to half to Robert Blair Cannon. patents.google.com/patent/US2224866A/en.RecordChapter 5
  20. Maples, “Tufting machine” (US1963441A), filed , granted 1934. patents.google.com/patent/US1963441A/en.RecordChapter 5
  21. Foster K. Solliday, “Hooked Rug Making Device” (US2077719A), filed 27 May 1935, granted 20 Apr 1937. patents.google.com/patent/US2077719A/en.RecordChapter 9
  22. Walter Loos, “Tufting Machine” (US2070287A), filed 2 Oct 1935, granted 9 Feb 1937. patents.google.com/patent/US2070287A/en.RecordChapter 5
  23. Glenn Looper, “Tufting Machine” (US2123114A), filed 15 Dec 1936, granted 5 Jul 1938. patents.google.com/patent/US2123114A/en.RecordChapter 5
  24. Warren, “Tufting machine” (US2058047A), filed , granted 1936. patents.google.com/patent/US2058047A/en.RecordChapter 5
  25. Wallace H. Carothers, “Linear condensation polymers” (US2071250A), granted 16 Feb 1937; assigned to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. patents.google.com/patent/US2071250A/en.RecordChapter 6
  26. Wallace H. Carothers, “Synthetic fiber” (US2130948A), granted 20 Sep 1938; assigned to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. patents.google.com/patent/US2130948A/en.RecordChapter 6
  27. Windham et al., “Tufting machine” (US2112512A), filed , granted 1938; assigned to Polly Prentiss. patents.google.com/patent/US2112512A/en.RecordChapter 5
  28. Ernst Thomsen Christian, “Apparatus for Hand Sewing Carpets” (CH214147A), Danish priority 4 Oct 1938; published 15 Apr 1941. patents.google.com/patent/CH214147A/de.RecordChapter 9
  29. Roy H. Windham, “Tufting Machine and Method” (US2311802A), filed 6 Oct 1939, granted 23 Feb 1943; assigned to Burl J. Bandy, Dalton. patents.google.com/patent/US2311802A/en.RecordChapter 5
  30. Jess Spencer Kile, “Machine and Method for Making Tufted Articles” (US2389914A), filed 25 Jul 1939, granted 1945 (month unclear on scan); assigned to Cabin Crafts. patents.google.com/patent/US2389914A/en.RecordChapter 4
  31. Joe C. Cobble, “Multiple Needle Tufting Machine” (US2335487A), filed 24 Jan 1941, granted 30 Nov 1943. patents.google.com/patent/US2335487A/en.RecordChapter 5
  32. Lyman Hamrick, “Multiple Needle Tufting Machine” (US2411267A), filed Jul 1944, granted 19 Nov 1946. patents.google.com/patent/US2411267A/en.RecordChapter 5
  33. Bills, “Tufting machine” (US2346467A), filed , granted 1944. patents.google.com/patent/US2346467A/en.RecordChapter 5
  34. Samuel P. Parker, “Tufting Device” (US2422126A), filed 9 Jul 1946, granted 10 Jun 1947; assigned to Callaway Mills. patents.google.com/patent/US2422126A/en.RecordChapter 9
  35. James H. Shay, “Hooked Rug Machine” (US2442906A), filed 11 Jun 1946, granted 8 Jun 1948; assigned to Shaycraft Inc. patents.google.com/patent/US2442906A/en.RecordChapter 9
  36. Melvin Sivyer Hurley, “A new or improved hand tool for making rugs, carpets and the like with a cut pile” (GB663196A), priority 10 Dec 1948; published 19 Dec 1951. patents.google.com/patent/GB663196A/en.RecordChapter 9
  37. Melvin S. Hurley, “Hand Tool for Making Rugs, Carpets and the Like with a Cut Pile” (US2605727A), filed 7 Dec 1949, granted 5 Aug 1952. patents.google.com/patent/US2605727A/en.RecordChapter 9
  38. Walter W. Hamby, “Multiple Needle Tufting Machine” (US2595355A), filed 20 May 1949, granted 6 May 1952; assigned to one-fifth to Isaac C. Adams. patents.google.com/patent/US2595355A/en.RecordChapter 5
  39. Richard C. Kline, “Carpet Tufting Machine” (US2600993A), filed 19 Nov 1949, granted 17 Jun 1952; assigned to Richard C. Kline. patents.google.com/patent/US2600993A/en.Record
  40. Torleif K. Holmen, “Carpet Tufting and Pile Cutting Device” (US2591939A), filed 12 Oct 1950, granted 8 Apr 1952; assigned to Rugcrofters Inc. patents.google.com/patent/US2591939A/en.Record
  41. Joseph A. Bolger, “Hooked Rug Making Device” (US2578038A), filed 27 Feb 1950, granted 11 Dec 1951. patents.google.com/patent/US2578038A/en.Record
  42. Felicitas A/S (attrib.), “Improvements in devices for hand-sewing carpets” (GB674501A), Danish priority 1 Apr 1950; filed 17 Jul 1950; published 25 Jun 1952. patents.google.com/patent/GB674501A/en.Record
  43. “Handgerät zur Teppichherstellung” (DE854562C), c. 1951 (date from search summary only). patents.google.com/patent/DE854562C/de.Record
  44. Hans G. Lustig, “Carpet Forming Device” (US2753820A), filed 10 Oct 1952, granted 10 Jul 1956. patents.google.com/patent/US2753820A/en.RecordChapter 9
  45. Theron F. Gifford, “Portable Tufting Machine” (US2837045A), filed 6 Nov 1953, granted 3 Jun 1958; assigned to Ten-Tex Corp. patents.google.com/patent/US2837045A/en.RecordChapter 9
  46. Madeleine Jeandupeux, “Pile-knotting needle for making carpets” (DE1074196B), filed 1953; published 1960. patents.google.com/patent/DE1074196B/de.Record
  47. C. M. Jones, “Tufting machine” (US2679218A), filed , granted 1954. patents.google.com/patent/US2679218A/en.RecordChapter 5
  48. J. L. Card, “Thread Feed Mechanism and Pattern Control” (US2862465A), filed 16 May 1955, granted 2 Dec 1958. patents.google.com/patent/US2862465A/en.RecordChapter 12
  49. Russell L. Sterner, “Tufting Machine” (US2887076A), filed 14 Feb 1955, granted 19 May 1959; assigned to Clarence Klug. patents.google.com/patent/US2887076A/en.RecordChapter 9
  50. Joseph L. Card, “Apparatus for Making Patterned Tufted Pile Fabric” (US2935037A), filed 24 Dec 1956, granted 3 May 1960; assigned to Cobble Brothers Machinery Co. patents.google.com/patent/US2935037A/en.RecordChapter 12
  51. M. L. Ward, “Tufting Implement for Producing High and Low Pile” (US2879731A), filed 24 Oct 1956, granted 31 Mar 1959; assigned to Callaway Mills. patents.google.com/patent/US2879731A/en.RecordChapter 9
  52. Cobble Brothers Machinery (attrib.), “Apparatus for making patterned tufted pile fabric” (GB853746A), US original 1956; GB filed 1957; published 9 Nov 1960. patents.google.com/patent/GB853746A/en.RecordChapter 5
  53. James A. Cobble Sr. & Jr., “Tufting Machine” (US2977905A), filed 4 Mar 1958, granted 4 Apr 1961. patents.google.com/patent/US2977905A/en.RecordChapter 5
  54. Joseph Lewis Card, “Loop Shedder” (US2975736A), filed 23 Jun 1958, granted 21 Mar 1961; assigned to Singer-Cobble Inc. patents.google.com/patent/US2975736A/en.RecordChapter 5
  55. “A method of producing plush-like goods such as carpets or the like and a machine for performing the same” (GB821702A), published 14 Oct 1959. patents.google.com/patent/GB821702A/en.Record
  56. Singer Cobble (attrib.), “Improvements in machines for making tufted fabrics” (GB880860A), priority 9 Jul 1960. patents.google.com/patent/GB880860A/en.RecordChapter 5
  57. Singer Cobble Inc., “Photocell controlled pattern attachment for tufting machines” (US3103187A), filed 29 May 1961; published 10 Sep 1963. patents.google.com/patent/US3103187A/en.RecordChapter 12
  58. Alfred Schauer, “Device for Forming Cut Pile Fabrics and the Like” (US3142276A), filed 25 Jun 1962, granted 28 Jul 1964. patents.google.com/patent/US3142276A/en.RecordChapter 9
  59. Charles D. Elliott, “Portable Machine for Tufting Cut Pile” (US3144844A), filed 11 Oct 1962, granted 18 Aug 1964; assigned to Cabin Crafts. patents.google.com/patent/US3144844A/en.RecordChapter 9
  60. O. J. Roberts et al., “Portable Tufting Machine” (US3229653A), filed 15 Jan 1964, granted 18 Jan 1966; assigned to Bigelow-Sanford. patents.google.com/patent/US3229653A/en.RecordChapter 9
  61. Helmut C. Mueller, “Method and Apparatus for Cutting Pile Yarns” (US3389667A), filed 23 Dec 1965, granted 25 Jun 1968; assigned to Bigelow-Sanford. patents.google.com/patent/US3389667A/en.RecordChapter 9
  62. Ernest Kenneth Lund / Singer-Cobble Ltd, “Improvements in or relating to tufting machines” (GB1067502A), filed 19 Mar 1965 (GB11648/65); published 3 May 1967. patents.google.com/patent/GB1067502A/en.RecordChapter 5
  63. “Pattern attachment for tufting machines” (US3375797A), filed 15 Sep 1966 (appl. 579,643); GB counterpart GB1123540A published 14 Aug 1968. patents.google.com/patent/US3375797A/en.RecordChapter 12
  64. Girmes-Werke AG, “Plush tufting machine” (DE1785451C), 1971 (year from search summary). patents.google.com/patent/DE1785451C/de.RecordChapter 5
  65. Hartmut Scholz, “Device for tufting carpets by hand” (DE2356585C2), priority 13 Nov 1973; Auslegeschrift (B1) 28 Nov 1974; C2 published 17 Jul 1975. patents.google.com/patent/DE2356585C2/de.RecordChapter 9
  66. Hartmut Scholz, “Arrangement for the Tufting of Carpets” (US3968758A), filed 1 Nov 1974; patented 13 Jul 1976 (German priority 13 Nov 1973, DE 2356585). patents.google.com/patent/US3968758A/en.RecordChapter 9
  67. John S. Doyel, “Rug-tufting device suitable for home use by hobyists” (US3968757A), filed 31 Oct 1975, granted 13 July 1976. patents.google.com/patent/US3968757A/en.RecordChapter 13
  68. Hartmut Scholz, “Device for tufting by hand” (DE2511266C3), German priority 14 Mar 1975; Austrian member AT347214B filed 5 Mar 1976, published 11 Dec 1978. patents.google.com/patent/DE2511266C3/de.Record
  69. George L. Houghton and Fred F. Fredensberg, “Tufting tool for even stitching” (US4011823A), filed 30 Jan 1976, granted 15 Mar 1977; assigned to Rug Crafters. patents.google.com/patent/US4011823A/en.Record
  70. Wilh. Simon & Co, “Device for producing tufted products” (DE2621360A1), priority/filed 14 May 1976; A1 published 24 Nov 1977; C2 granted 6 Dec 1984. patents.google.com/patent/DE2621360A1/de.Record
  71. Hartmut Scholz, “Device for Providing Rugs and the Like with Tufts” (US4029031A), filed 10 Mar 1976; patented 14 Jun 1977 (German priority 14 Mar 1975, DE 2511266). patents.google.com/patent/US4029031A/en.RecordChapter 9
  72. Westpoint Pepperell, “Control apparatus for textile dyeing and tufting machinery” (US4106416A), priority 2 Dec 1976; published 15 Aug 1978. patents.google.com/patent/US4106416A/en.RecordChapter 12
  73. Hans Hartleb, “Tufting device, in particular hand tufting device” (DE2815801A1), priority 12 Apr 1978; published 18 Oct 1979. patents.google.com/patent/DE2815801A1/de.RecordChapter 9
  74. Hartmut Scholz (attrib.), “Process and device for tufting carpets or the like” (EP0026492A1), German priorities 2 Oct 1979 (DE2939851) and 17 Oct 1979 (DE2941903); published 8 Apr 1981. patents.google.com/patent/EP0026492A1/de.Record
  75. Akzo GmbH, “Hand tufting appliance” (DE3410783A1), priority 23 Mar 1984; published 26 Sep 1985. patents.google.com/patent/DE3410783A1/de.Record
  76. Brooks E. Taylor, Marshall A. Neely & Roy T. Card, “Computer controlled tufting machine and a process of controlling the parameters of operation of a tufting machine” (US4867080A), filed 15 Dec 1988 (Google record says 2 Dec 1988); granted 19 Sep 1989. patents.google.com/patent/US4867080A/en.RecordChapter 12
  77. Roy T. Card & Brooks E. Taylor / Card-Monroe, “Method and apparatus for producing enhanced graphic appearances in a tufted product and a product produced therefrom” (US5058518A), filed 1989; published 22 Oct 1991. patents.google.com/patent/US5058518A/en.RecordChapter 12
  78. Gary L. Ingram / Textile Corporation of America (later Tapistron), “Tufting apparatus” (US4991523A), application 07/366,545; patent dated 12 Feb 1991. patents.google.com/patent/US4991523A/en.RecordChapter 12
  79. William H. Satterfield, “Hand-held Tufting Mending Gun” (US5090341A), filed 18 Sep 1990, granted 25 Feb 1992; assigned to Spencer Wright Industries. patents.google.com/patent/US5090341A/en.RecordChapter 9
  80. Jamshid Divangahi, “A hand-held tufting machine” (EP0534974A1), GB priority 24 Jan 1990; filed 23 Jan 1991; published 7 Apr 1993. patents.google.com/patent/EP0534974A1/en.Record
  81. Gary L. Ingram / Tapistron International, “Hollow needle tufting apparatus for producing patterned fabric” (US5165352A), filed 27 Dec 1991; granted 24 Nov 1992. patents.google.com/patent/US5165352A/en.RecordChapter 12
  82. The significant tufting-machine patents filed in China are foreign, 1992–2017. patents.google.com/patent/CN113584750A/en.RecordChapter 8
  83. Wilcom Tufting Pty Ltd (Aubourg, Pongrass, Wilson), “Method and system of tufting” (US5503092A), filed 1994 (appl. 08/190,070); granted 2 Apr 1996. patents.google.com/patent/US5503092A/en.RecordChapter 12
  84. Tuftco Corp. (Morgante, Stanfield, Bishop), “Independent servo motor controlled scroll-type pattern attachment for tufting machine and computerized design system” (US6244203B1), provisional 27 Nov 1996; filed 26 Nov 1997 (appl. 08/980,045); grant date not seen. patents.google.com/patent/US6244203B1/en.RecordChapter 12
  85. Miller et al., “Apparatus for manufacturing tufted rugs” (US5743200A), filed 1996 (appl. 08/623,248); listed among 1998 publications; expired (fee-related). patents.google.com/patent/US5743200A/en.Record
  86. “Barrel cam for driving needle and shear for electrically-operated carpet floc[king tool]” (CN2402698Y), 2000 (year only, from a Google Patents sitemap listing). patents.google.com/patent/CN2402698Y/zh.Record
  87. Wilcom Pty Ltd, “Tufting machine” (EP1674605A1), AU priority 23 Dec 2004; A1 published 28 Jun 2006; B1 granted 25 Jan 2012. patents.google.com/patent/EP1674605A1/en.RecordChapter 12
  88. “A hand-held horizontal electric weaving needle for weaving carpets” (CN2723478Y), filed 19 Apr 2004 (application 200420044858.X); granted/published 7 Sep 2005. patents.google.com/patent/CN2723478Y/zh.RecordChapter 8
  89. “A hand-held high-speed electric weaving needle for weaving carpets” (CN2806530Y), filed 23 Nov 2004. patents.google.com/patent/CN2806530Y/zh.RecordChapter 9
  90. Wilcom Pty Ltd, “An improved tufting machine” (EP2077348B1), AU priority 4 Jan 2008 (AU2008900045); B1 granted 31 Aug 2011. patents.google.com/patent/EP2077348B1/en.RecordChapter 12
  91. Card-Monroe Corp., “Yarn color placement system” (US8141505B2), filed 15 Feb 2008; granted 27 Mar 2012. patents.google.com/patent/US8141505B2/en.RecordChapter 12
  92. Shenyang Institute of Automation (CAS), Yiwu New Rainbow Craft Carpet Co. et al., “Fully computerised servo 3D gun-tufted carpet machine” (CN104562491A), filed 19 Dec 2014; granted as CN104562491B (now lapsed). patents.google.com/patent/CN104562491A/zh.RecordChapter 12
  93. “All-digital intelligent robot for hand gun-tufted carpets” (CN204058934U), 2014 (listed under 31 Dec 2014 in a Google Patents sitemap). patents.google.com/patent/CN204058934U/zh.Record
  94. “Stable yarn-feeding and tensioning equipment for a carpet gun-tufting machine” (CN111441143A), filed 17 Jan 2019 (per search summary). patents.google.com/patent/CN111441143A/zh.RecordChapter 12
  95. Yangxin Ruixin Group, “Pneumatic multifunctional carpet tufting gun for an intelligent gun-tufted carpet robot” (CN111705448A), filed 30 Jun 2020; published 25 Sep 2020. patents.google.com/patent/CN111705448A/zh.RecordChapter 12
  96. “Fully automatic carpet gun-tufting machine head and its working method” (CN111876919A), priority 11 Aug 2020; published 3 Nov 2020. patents.google.com/patent/CN111876919A/zh.RecordChapter 12
  97. Card-Monroe Corp. (Mathews, Christman, Lovelady, Vetter), “Tufting machines and methods of tufting” (US12180632B2): the Hollow Needle machine, filed 21 Aug 2023 (appl. 18/235,917); published as US20240068144A1; grant date not seen. patents.google.com/patent/US12180632B2/en.RecordChapter 12

Books 19

  1. Ashley Callahan. Southern Tufts: The Regional Origins and National Craze for Chenille Fashion. University of Georgia Press, 2015. ugapress.org/book/9780820345161/southern-tufts.RecordChapter 4
  2. Bigelow-Hartford Carpet Company. A Century of Carpet and Rug Making in America. Bigelow-Hartford Carpet Co., 1925. dcp-production-container.library.cornell.edu/catalog/hearth4306128.RecordChapter 3
  3. David A. Hounshell and John Kenly Smith. Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R&D, 1902–1980. Cambridge University Press, 1988.RecordChapter 6
  4. E. Richard McKinstry. Trade Catalogues at Winterthur: A Guide to the Literature of Merchandising, 1750 to 1980. Garland, 1984. openlibrary.org/works/OL2649034W.Record
  5. James Christie (1730–1803). Christie’s sale catalogue of 150 lots of Brussels, Wilton, Venetian and Kidderminster carpets, 30 May 1800. London, 1800. nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b14693993.RecordChapter 3
  6. John S. Ewing and Nancy P. Norton. Broadlooms and Businessmen: A History of the Bigelow-Sanford Carpet Company. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (Harvard Studies in Business History), 1955. archive.org/details/broadloomsbusine0000ewin.RecordChapter 3
  7. K. K. Goswami (ed.). K. K. Goswami, Advances in Carpet Manufacture, 2nd ed., chapters 12–13 (handmade carpets). Woodhead Publishing (Elsevier), The Textile Institute Book Series, n.d. shop.elsevier.com/books/advances-in-carpet-manufacture/goswami/978-0-08-101131-7.RecordChapter 10
  8. Kenneth L. Ames. Beyond Necessity: Art in the Folk Tradition. Winterthur Museum / W. W. Norton, 1977.Record
  9. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. The Age of Homespun: Objects and Stories in the Creation of an American Myth. Alfred A. Knopf, 2001. randomhouse.com/knopf/authors/ulrich/desktopflowercloth.html.RecordChapter 2
  10. Michelle McFadden (M.A. thesis, University of Delaware / Winterthur Program, 1993). Early nineteenth-century British carpet patterns (46 ‘Brussels’ drafts by I. Arbuthnot, 1803–06 and 1813–17). England, 1993 (drafts 1803–1817). udspace.udel.edu/items/87a6bdac-8a10-499b-8263-a957d9a595d7.RecordChapter 3
  11. Randall L. Patton. Shaw Industries: A History. University of Georgia Press, 2019.RecordChapter 11
  12. Randall L. Patton with David B. Parker. Carpet Capital: The Rise of a New South Industry. University of Georgia Press, 1999. ugapress.org/book/9780820324647/carpet-capital.RecordChapter 4
  13. Roy H. Windham. The Tufting Machine: A Practical Text of Instruction for Machine Fixers (3rd ed.). Rome, Ga.: Southern Craft Company, 1941.RecordChapter 5
  14. Stefan Mecheels, Herbert Vogler, Josef Kurz. Mecheels, Vogler & Kurz, Kultur- & Industriegeschichte der Textilien (2009), p. 475. German Wikipedia 'Tufting' (via DeWiki mirror), 2009. dewiki.de/Lexikon/Tufting.RecordChapter 7
  15. Thomas M. Deaton. Bedspreads to Broadloom: The Story of the Tufted Carpet Industry. 1993 (Open Library gives 1994; check the copyright page). openlibrary.org/works/OL8896555W.RecordChapter 4
  16. Tiernan Alexander and Tim Eads. Tuft the World: An Illustrated Manual to Tufting Gorgeous Rugs, Decor, and More. Chronicle Books, 2024 (published 16 April 2024). chroniclebooks.com/products/tuft-the-world.RecordChapter 13
  17. Wadsworth Atheneum. Bed Ruggs/1722–1833. Wadsworth Atheneum, 1972. nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b10248634.RecordChapter 2
  18. William A. Reynolds. Innovation in the United States Carpet Industry, 1947–1963. Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand, 1968. archive.org/details/innovationinunit0000will.RecordChapter 5
  19. 日本カーペット工業組合. 『日本カーペット工業史』 History of the Japanese Carpet Industry (2008). Japan Carpet Manufacturers' Association (日本カーペット工業組合), 2008. web.archive.org/web/20251017034058/http://www.carpet.or.jp/publics/index/95/detail=1/c_id=524/page524=1.RecordChapter 7

Articles 24

  1. Ann Short Chirhart and Kathleen Ann Clark (eds.). “‘Catherine Evans Whitener (1881–1964)’, in Georgia Women: Their Lives and Times, vol. 2.” Athens: University of Georgia Press, pp. 86–113, 2014. doi.org/10.1515/9780820376134-006.RecordChapter 4
  2. “Bigelow Carpet Mill, Clinton, Massachusetts.” 1848. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigelow_Carpet_Mill.RecordChapter 3
  3. Billie J. Walters and James O. Wheeler. “‘Localization Economies in the American Carpet Industry’.” Geographical Review 74, no. 2, pp. 183–191, April 1984. doi.org/10.2307/214099.RecordChapter 5
  4. “Carpet Industry.” New Georgia Encyclopedia, n.d. georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/carpet-industry.Record
  5. “Carpet Weaving and Rug Making (Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia).” n.d. philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/carpet-weaving-and-rug-making-2.Record
  6. Catherine Evans Whitener. “‘Mrs. Whitener Recalls Beginning of Bedspread Industry’.” The Dalton News (Dalton, Georgia), pp. 1ff., 11 March 1937.RecordChapter 4
  7. “Chenille Bedspreads.” New Georgia Encyclopedia, n.d. georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/chenille-bedspreads.RecordChapter 4
  8. “Hagley Vault: ‘February 16, 1937: E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. was granted U.S. patent…’.” Hagley Museum and Library, 1937. hagley.org/research/news/hagley-vault/date-february-16-1937-ei-du-pont-de-nemours-co-was-granted-us-patent.RecordChapter 6
  9. Heather Tetley. “18th-century British Floor Coverings.” undated (Building Conservation Directory). buildingconservation.com/articles/floor-coverings/floor-coverings.htm.Record
  10. “Hooked Rugs at Henry Francis du Pont’s Chestertown House.” n.d. americanainsights.org/essays/hooked-rugs.Record
  11. John R. McGregor and Robert H. Maxey. “‘The Dalton, Georgia, Tufted Textile Concentration’.” Southeastern Geographer 14, no. 2, pp. 133–144, November 1974. doi.org/10.1353/sgo.1974.0010.RecordChapter 5
  12. Nancy Parcels. “Hooked Rugs of Winterthur.” Rug Hooking Magazine, 2010. welikerughooking.com/readers-gallery/hooked-rugs-of-winterthur.Record
  13. R. E. Hamilton. “‘Bedspread Bonanza’.” Reader's Digest, April 1941, pp. 41–44, April 1941.RecordChapter 4
  14. Randall L. Patton. “A History of the U.S. Carpet Industry.” EH.Net Encyclopedia (Economic History Association), n.d. eh.net/encyclopedia/a-history-of-the-u-s-carpet-industry.RecordChapter 4
  15. Sarah Archer. “Luxury Underfoot.” Material Intelligence, 2023. sarah-archer.com/writing/luxury-underfoot.RecordChapter 6
  16. “The Mechanization of the Bedspread Industry (historical marker).” Historical Marker Database, n.d. hmdb.org/m.asp?m=171571.RecordChapter 4
  17. Tuft the World. “TTW: The History of Tufting (3-minute video script).” August 2026. docs.google.com/document/d/10qfRoO_DbYeXGBGG_edbrMyCbWV4XqHLWuZx6xkleto/edit.Record
  18. Tuft the World. “TTW Script Bank: 109 history scripts (v4).” August 2026. docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/11-2o0XY2V3DXwyEwXnBN8RH63xF-pBHXXo8Mq3sRMGA/edit.Record
  19. Tuft the World. “TTW Script Bank addendum, rows 110–117 (Susan Burr / hand tool lineage).” August 2026. docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cj3lVGl_GaLrJt1FuzGKVGMVO3G6xLL3V6MIDF-iERM/edit.Record
  20. Tuft the World. “TTW: Tufting History, The Non-English Record (research brief).” August 2026. docs.google.com/document/d/1dU1bOlARhyqEsG03f6X2Rh-WvwNiRBqo4KnR9DZnzxM/edit.Record
  21. Vanessa Habib. “Scotch carpets at Stirling: Thomas Gilfillan’s cash book and ledger, 1764–1770 (and Axminster manufacture in Edinburgh).” 2000; 2005. journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/view/9541.RecordChapter 3
  22. “Wilton Royal Carpet Factory (Grace’s Guide).” 1889. gracesguide.co.uk/Wilton_Royal_Carpet_Factory.Record
  23. 丸山孝雄 (Maruyama Takao). “丸山孝雄「タフティング・マシンの変遷と今後の開発課題」(Past, Present and Future of Tufting Technology).” 繊維学会誌 (Sen'i Gakkaishi) 43(1), P22–, 1987. jstage.jst.go.jp/article/fiber1944/43/1/43_1_P22/_article/-char/ja.RecordChapter 7
  24. 大墨 正 (Ōsumi Tadashi). “Ōsumi Tadashi, seven-part series on Japanese interiors (1995–2001), part 5: 「タフテッドカーペット／20世紀の軌跡」.” 日本インテリア学会 大会研究発表梗概集 (Japan Interior Society annual conference abstracts), vol. 11, 1995–2001. jstage.jst.go.jp/article/japaninteriorsociety/11/0/11_103/_pdf/-char/ja.Record